Physical fitness comprises two related concepts: general fitness (a state of health At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization , in 1948, health was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" and well-being) and specific fitness (a task-oriented definition based on the ability to perform specific aspects of sports A sport is a physical activity[dubious – discuss] that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively or occupations). Physical fitness is generally achieved through exercise Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health or wellness. It is performed for various reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune, correct nutrition Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet and enough rest.
In previous years, fitness was commonly defined as the capacity to carry out the day’s activities without undue fatigue. However, as automation increased leisure time, changes in lifestyles following the industrial revolution rendered this definition insufficient. These days, physical fitness is considered a measure of the body’s ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy At the time of the creation of the World Health Organization , in 1948, health was defined as being "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity", to resist hypokinetic diseases Hypokinetic diseases are conditions that occur from a sedentary lifestyle. Examples could include obesity and complications arising from sedentary behaviour, and to meet emergency situations.
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Components of physical fitness
The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports is an American government organization that aims to "promote, encourage and motivate Americans of all ages to become physically active and participate in sports". It is part of the Office of Public Health and Science, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human — a study group sponsored by the Government of the United States The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to — declines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness. Instead, it developed the following chart:[1]
Accordingly, a general-purpose physical fitness program must address the following essentials:[2]
- Cardiovascular endurance
- Flexibility training'
- Strength training
- Muscular stamina
- Body composition
- General skill training
However, along with these essential components, a comprehensive fitness program that is tailored to an individual will probably focus on one or more specific skills,[3] and on age-[4] or health-related needs such as bone health.[5] Many sources[citation needed] also cite mental Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological and emotional health Mental health is a term used to describe either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and efforts to achieve psychological as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a triangle A triangle is one of the basic shapes of geometry: a polygon with three corners or vertices and three sides or edges which are line segments. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted ABC made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many chronic health conditions brought on by unhealthy lifestyle Lifestyle is a term to describe the way a person lives, which was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929. The current broader sense of the word dates from 1961. A set of behaviors, and the senses of self and belonging which these behaviors represent, are collectively used to define a given lifestyle. The term is defined or aging.[6] Working out can also help people sleep better. To stay healthy it's important to participate in physical activity.[7]
Specific fitness
Specific or task-oriented fitness is a person's ability to perform in a specific activity with a reasonable efficiency: for example, sports or military service Military service, in its simplest sense, is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft . Some nations (e.g. Mexico) require a specific amount of military service from each and every one of its citizens (except for special cases such as physical or mental disorders. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sports.
Examples are:
- 400m sprint Starting blocks are used for all competition sprint and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m). The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with the firing of the starter's gun. The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set". Once all athletes are in the set - in a sprint the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race.
- Marathon The marathon is a long-distance running event with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres , that is usually run as a road race. The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides, a messenger from the Battle of Marathon (the namesake of the race) to Athens. The historical accuracy of this legend is in - in this case the athlete must be trained to work aerobically and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum.
- Many fire fighters and police officers undergo regular Fitness testing A physical fitness test is a test designed to measure physical strength, agility, and endurance. They are commonly employed in educational institutions as part of the physical education curriculum, in medicine as part of diagnostic testing, and as eligibility requirements in fields that focus on physical ability such as military or police to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job.[8]
- Members of the United States Army An army (from Latin armata "armed " via Old French armée, "armed" (feminine)), in the broadest sense, is the land-based Military of a nation or state. It may also include other branches of the military such as the air force via means of aviation corps. Within a national military force, the word Army may also mean a field army, and Army National Guard must be able to pass the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) The Army Physical Fitness Test is designed to test the muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of soldiers in the United States Army. Soldiers are given a score based on their performance in three events consisting of the push-up (PU), sit-up (SU), and a two-mile run. Possible scores range from 0 to 100 points in each.[9]
See also
- Bodybuilding Bodybuilding is a form of body modification involving intensive muscle hypertrophy; an individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder. In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders display their physiques to a panel of judges, who assign points based on their appearance. The muscles are revealed through a process known as the &
- CPR
- Exergaming Exergaming or exer-gaming is a term used for video games that are also a form of exercise. Exergaming relies on technology that tracks body movement or reaction. The genre has been credited with upending the stereotype of gaming as a sedentary activity, and promoting an active lifestyle. Exergames are seen as evolving from technology changes aimed
- Harvard Step Test The Harvard Step Test is a type of cardiac stress test for detecting and/or diagnosing cardiovascular disease. It also is a good measurement of fitness, and your ability to recover after a strenuous exercise. The more quickly your heart rate returns to resting, the better shape you are in
- Health club A health club is a place which houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise
- National Academy of Sports Medicine The National Academy of Sports Medicine is a personal trainer certification, research and fitness education organization that was founded in Chicago, Illinois, USA in 1987. NASM develops continuing education for professional athletic trainers
- Neutral spine Webster's New World Medical Dictionary defines "neutral posture" as the stance which is attained "when the joints are not bent and the spine is aligned and not twisted." In this position, a person is able to completely and optimally attain balance and proportion of his or her body mass and framework, based on his or her
- Obesity Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Body mass index , a measurement which compares weight and height, defines people as overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is between 25 kg/m2 and 30
- Personal Trainer The 5 classic components of fitness are muscular strength, muscular endurance, body composition, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. Although there are other subsets like power and speed. The general population is defined as an age range of 18 to about 50 . The definition of healthy in this context means an absence of a disease that would
- Physical exercise Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health or wellness. It is performed for various reasons. These include strengthening muscles and the cardiovascular system, honing athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance and for enjoyment. Frequent and regular physical exercise boosts the immune
- Physical fitness test A physical fitness test is a test designed to measure physical strength, agility, and endurance. They are commonly employed in educational institutions as part of the physical education curriculum, in medicine as part of diagnostic testing, and as eligibility requirements in fields that focus on physical ability such as military or police
- VO2 max VO2 max is the maximum capacity of an individual's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise, which reflects the physical fitness of the individual. The name is derived from V - volume per time, O2 - oxygen, max - maximum
References
- ^ "Presiden't Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Definitions for Health, Fitness, and Physical Activity". http://www.fitness.gov/digest_mar2000.htm.
- ^ "Six Fundamentals of Physical Fitness". http://skinnybulkup.com/six-fundamentals-of-fitness-training/.
- ^ "Skill-related physical fitness essential for sports success". http://www.tradoc.army.mil/pao/Web_specials/H_and_PWB/013204.htm.
- ^ "The elderly have specific fitness requirements". http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020201/419.html.
- ^ "A targeted fitness program can increase Bone Integrity". http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Exercise/default.asp.
- ^ "US Department of Health and Human Services Presentation: Physical Activity Fundamental to Preventing Disease". http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/physicalactivity/.
- ^ "How much physical activity do adults need?". http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/everyone/guidelines/adults.html.
- ^ "Physical Fitness requirements for Santa Clara County firefighters". http://www.sccfd.org/physical_fitness.html#appendix2.
- ^ "APFT Requirements". http://www.army.com/enlist/APFT.html.
- Brandon, Leigh (2009). Anatomy of Strength and Fitness Training for Speed. McGraw-Hill. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 978-0-07-163363-5.
External links
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